ALBERTA RACE CAR WORKERS' ASSOCIATION

ORGANIZING MANUAL
for Road Course Events

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

[return to "CONTENTS"]

This manual has been prepared to assist the Alberta Race Car Workers Association (ARCWA) or any other organizing club, its officials and workers, in the organization and operation of road racing events. It recognizes road racing in the Calgary area which has only existed for a short time and there is a need to refresh and up date those with previous racing experience, to inform those without prior experience, and shorten what might otherwise be a difficult learning curve.

It is based on the existence of complex rules and regulations from various sanctioning bodies who influence road racing matters, and offers a 'what to do' approach, in simple language, around which can be built an efficient race management system.

The manual is oriented to the safety issues of motor racing and the inter relationship of safety to the overall operating plan. It does not detail every organizational requirement, nor is that the intended purpose.

The purpose of the manual is to give all workers and officials an overview of all the elements that make up a successful race event and how their actions contribute to its safety and success.

A number of historic realities can be formed into the following assumptions:

1. eventually, at some time an accident will happen,
2. a fire will break out somewhere,
3. a race car will entrap a driver,
4. a driver or worker will be seriously injured,
5. more than one person will be injured,
6. two accidents will happen at separate locations at the same time,
7. emergency personnel will rely on their training and equipment
8. time will be of the essence,
9. the organization will be judged.

Use of these assumptions in guiding our thoughts, training, and actions will prepare us well for the task of operating a safe racing event.

Race City Motorsport Park will perform all Administrative and Secretarial functions associated with the operation of the race track.

This includes all matters necessary to run an event including:

1. procurement of required track licenses and organizing permits,
2. placement of appropriate insurance coverage,
3. handling of all matters relating to track and event sponsors,
4. provision of required race support services and equipment,
5. provision of race entrants and competitors requirements, including
• all paperwork required prior to an event,
• mailing and subsequent acceptance and confirmation of entries
• supply of necessary documents to Race Officials and Stewards
• preparation and mailing of results of competitions,
6. all spectator first air requirements and crowd control.
7. supply, maintain and bear the cost of all reasonable supplies and materials necessary to equip and allow the race track to function as required by good practice and rules and regulations from governing and/or sanctioning bodies having authority in running of events. This includes corner post equipment, vehicles and vehicle equipment.

ARCWA under the direction of its Executive, will maintain records of their members including member status, training received, positions held and events worked. Also, they will attend to the licensing of race officials as required by sanctioning bodies.

ARCWA will staff the track with sufficient officials and trained volunteers necessary for the safe and efficient running of a roadracing event.

ARCWA will provide Supplementary Rules and Regulations for all events being run under their jurisdiction, in accordance with the requirements of the appropriate sanctioning body(s).

These rules and regulations are 'supplementary' in the sense they are additive to whatever published 'standing' rules and regulations are in existence for both the track, the officials and workers, entrants and competitors, vehicle classes and scheduled to compete. They essentially lay down the details for a particular event or series.

1. must be submitted for approval at the time of application for an organizing permit to the sanctioning body(s) for the event.
2. provide track and event information to assist the entrants and competitors in preparing for the event.
3. provide information to entrants and competitors regarding registration, technical inspection, the race program, location of notice board and use of Pace Cars, etc.
4. refer race officials, entrants and competitors to the specific rules and regulations for the race event(s).
5. cannot take away from any standing rules and regulations for the track, officials or competing vehicles as published by sanctioning bodies.
6. when approved, are distributed by mail to all prospective entrants and competitors with an official entry form.
7. when approved, cannot be changed before the day of the event without approval of the sanctioning body and notification, in writing, to all entrants.
8. cannot be changed once the event has started without approval by the Stewards of the Meet.

The Supplementary Rules and Regulations for all Race City Motorsport Park events will include the following statement.

The Clerk of the Course, at his discretion:

1. may exclude any driver reported by officials to be driving in a reckless or careless manner during a practice, qualifications or race,
2. may impose a time penalty of 10 seconds for events 30 miles or less, or 1 minute if over 30 miles (per occurrence), upon an competitor who is considered to have gained an unfair advantage (whether inadvertently or not). This regulation does not preclude such competitor being reported to the Stewards for alternative penalties,
3. may exclude any driver for an offense for which a penalty of exclusion is warranted under the F.I.A. International Sporting Code.

Race City Motorsport Park will arrange for the inspection, certification and licensing of the race track and facilities in accordance with the requirements of any government agency and/or race sanctioning bodies having authority, and will maintain the track and facilities in keeping with any regulatory requirements.

An event cannot be run without an Organizing Permit issued by the sanctioning body involved. The issuance of an Organizing Permit commits the organizing group to running the event in accordance with all relevant published standards of discipline, efficiency and safety.

An event cannot be run without an Insurance Certificate issued by or under the sanctioning body involved. The issuance of an Insurance Certificate commits the organizing group to running the event in accordance with all published standards of discipline, efficiency and safety.

The Insurance Certificate for an event must be in the hands of the Clerk of the Course and prominently displayed in Race Central prior to the start of each event.

Race officials are cautioned to not vary any of the fundamental rules and procedures involving overall control of the race track and race procedures.

The Chief Registrar will organize the registration and accreditation of all officials, workers, support personnel, entrants and competitors.

Competitors will not be allowed to compete until proof of valid licensing and medical status is provided by them.

Race City Motorsport Park will appoint a Registration Representative, who, operating under the direction of the Chief Registrar, will organize the registration and accreditation of all VIP and media personnel and collect and account for all fees and tickets.

Some Professional Series Promoters provide their own Registrar who registers and accredits only the entrants, competitors, crews and guests associated with their own series. The Chief Registrar will co- operate with any Series Registrar.

The Chief Registrar will report, to the Clerk of the Course, any entrant or competitor who fails to provide proof of valid license at the time of registration. A complete list of entrants will be delivered to the Clerk of Chief Timekeeper as soon as it is available.

Each race official will submit a list of persons requiring credentials to the organizing club for approval. Credentials allowing access to "restricted areas" from time to time, will be issued to qualified personnel only.

ARCWA will organize the required safety and technical inspection of all competing vehicles for approval to compete on the race track.

If the promoter or organizer of a competing group of cars provides a Technical Inspector, the ARCWA Scrutineering personnel will provide support and assistance as required.

The Chief Scrutineer should be the holder of a valid Provincial Automotive Mechanic's Certificate or have available to him a resource person with this qualification.

The Chief Scrutineer and staff remain on duty for the duration of the event, including the participation in any mechanical teardowns of competing vehicles as requested by the Stewards of the Meet immediately after a competition, or later as require if a vehicle or component is impounded by the Stewards.

Competing vehicles are allowed on the race track only after having successfully completed the safety and technical inspection, and an Approval Sticker has been affixed in a conspicuous place on the front of the vehicle.

The Chief Scrutineer must report, to the Clerk of the course, any competing vehicle not successfully passing the safety and technical inspection.

The Pre-Grid Marshall is responsible for insuring no vehicle enters the race track without an Approval Sticker.

Any competing vehicle involved in an incident or accident after having passed technical inspection is subject to re-inspection and approval by the Chief Scrutineer.

Timing and Scoring methods and practices are to be run efficiently with the objective of identifying the winner of each race and the subsequent finishing positions of each car relative to other competitors in their class.

The Chief Timekeeper, if using an electronic or computerized timing system, will develop a plan that will allow a backup manual system to be implemented on short notice. This backup plan will utilize people recruited and trained by the Chief Timekeeper.

The program for a race event will be prepared some weeks prior to an event, and published in the Supplementary Rules and Regulations or as an appendix thereto.

When an event includes Professional or Semi-Professional classes sharing the race program with amateur classes, the Professional events will be the main spectator attraction. The event program will be part of the promotion for the event and everyone will expect the program to be followed in a timely manner.

For Professional events, the program of practice, qualifications and racing times and duration's may have been pre-determined by published Series Rules and Regulations. These times include provision of various technical requirements of 'tuning' the vehicles between sessions, including time for changing of main components such as gearing, tires, engines ,etc. The time between programmed track sessions is critical to the competitors and must be respected.

Any necessary flexing in the program is usually at the expense of the supporting amateur classes.

There is a tendency for promoters and organizers to crowd a program without regard for how long it takes to do things around a track for both organizer and competitor.

Here is a sample of typical times to consider:

The program for each day, the organization of support series, and the organization of Race Central should bear these times in mind in the planning stages. The reporting time at the track for all officials and workers should be no less that one hour before the first programmed track event. The track should be fully manned, all communications in place, and ready for operations no less than twenty minutes before the first programmed track event.

The above relates to track side officials and workers only. Workers and officials with other than trackside duties may have different reporting times appropriate to their duties.

The Clerk of the Course is responsible to assure all race officials are in attendance and their responsibilities are understood and fulfilled.

The Clerk, as the most senior official, sets the example for all other officials. All matters associated with the running of an event, particularly in Race Central, are handled in a businesslike fashion. Horseplay and other distractions when an event is in progress should be discouraged and everyone prompted to focus on the matters at hand.

The Clerk must never leave Race Central unattended for any reason, at any time during the running of an event. Should it be necessary for the Clerk to leave Race Central, a Deputy Clerk must be assigned and assume responsibility.

The Clerk of the Course will appoint a Chief Course Communicator for each event. This individual works in Race Central and maintains constant communication between the track Corner Post Communicators and the Clerk of the Course for the duration of the event. As well, this individual keeps a written record of all track incidents reported by the Corner Post Communicators.

For International events, the Clerk of the course maybe required to appoint a Safety Vehicle Communicator. This individual works in Race Central and maintains constant communication between all track Safety vehicles and the Clerk of the Course for the duration of the event. As well, this individual keeps a written record of all track Safety vehicle locations, staffing and vehicle movements.

The Clerk of the Course will have available Assistants or Runners to carry messages as required.

The full scope of the position of the Stewards of the Meet are spelled out in detail in other publications. The following is a brief description of the main responsibilities.

The Steward of the Meet are appointed by the appropriate sanctioning body. There can be no less than two, preferably three to avoid ties in decisions. A Steward of the Meet should not:

• be a member of the race organizing committee at the event.
• be an official or worker at the event.
• be an entrant or competitor at the event.

The responsibilities of the Stewards:

1. assure the rules and regulations of the governing body, and the supplementary rules and regulations and race program are being adhered to by the organizer,
2. prohibit a dangerous driver or vehicle from competing if necessary, on consultation with the Clerk of the course or Chief Scrutineer,
3. postpone, stop or abandon an event for reasons of force major,
4. receive and adjudicate inquiries, protests and appeals,
5. reprimand, fine or impose time penalties on a driver,
6. impound a vehicle for technical reasons, or after an incident,
7. submit a complete report on the event to the sanctioning body.

The Clerk of the Course is advised to meet with the Stewards immediately prior to an event to discuss any proposed alternations to the event and to discuss any other matters as necessary.

The Stewards must be afforded full freedom of the race track and be issued appropriate credentials at registration.

The Stewards do not participate or interfere with the running of the event beyond their documented duties.

The Stewards are encouraged to visit Race Central from time-to-time to monitor the progress of the race program and supervision, but must not make it the place where Stewarding functions are performed.

The Clerk of the Course is responsible to be familiar with all the rules governing the event being run.

The rules governing the running of an event must be generally known to all key race officials, particularly those relevant to their area of involvement.

Copies of all rules must be available at all times. The organizer if obliged to supply the Stewards of the Meet with their own copies of the Supplementary Rules and Regulations for the event, plus the rules and regulations for any Professional event on the program.

The Clerk must be prepared to enforce any and all rules pertaining to the event, but cannot penalize competitors, except as provided and published in the Supplementary Rules and Regulations (see 3.1 to 3.3).

Rule infractions by entrants and competitors are reported by race officials to the Clerk, who in turn passes them on, in writing, to the Stewards of the Meet.

The Clerk and all other race officials should concern themselves with the proper running of the event and not become involved in matters which are the responsibility of the Stewards of the Meet.

The Clerk of the course or the Stewards of the Meet are not empowered to suspend or disqualify a driver or entrant. Suspension or disqualification can only be imposed for grave contravention of rules, and only by the sanctioning body.

Penalties which can be imposed by Stewards can only include, in order of severity:

• reprimand,
• monetary fine or time penalty,
• exclusion (for grave offenses).

The Clerk of the Course will receive verbal enquiries from time to time.

It is wise to:

• identify, by name, who is making the enquiry
• determine what affiliation the person has with the event
• determine who the enquiry involves, by name and affiliation
• identify the subject matter
• attempt to resolve the madder to avoid protests or appeals

Verbal enquiries concerning matters of programming, scrutineering, track condition, conduct of officials and corner workers, etc., can often be satisfactorily dealt with by the Clerk of the Course by informing the party the enquiry will be taken under advisement, investigated and action taken if necessary.

It may be necessary on occasion to recommend the subject be put in the form of a written protest and submitted with the appropriate fee and within the appropriate time allowed, for adjudication by the Stewards of the Meet.

The time limits for the presentation of protests and appeals is detailed in the appropriate General Competition Rules governing the event.

Fees for protests and appeals must be stipulated in the Supplementary Rules and Regulations for the event. No protest or appeal will be accepted without the fee attached.

Any protest presented to the Clerk of the Course should be noted with the date and time received, checked to assure the protestor is clearly identified, and transferred immediately to the Stewards of the Meet.

If requested by the Stewards, the Clerk should make available any documentation required by the Stewards to not delay the protest proceedings.

The Clerk of the Course is obliged:

1. to summons any person or persons required for interview by the Stewards,
2. to deliver to involved parties the results of a protest issued by the Stewards,
3. to carry out any actions ordered by the Stewards in any decision rendered by the Stewards.

The Clerk of the Course controls the race track at all times, whether a race is in progress or not. No unauthorized personnel or vehicles of any kind will be dispatched or allowed on the race track at any time without permission from the Clerk.

This applies equally to all Official track vehicles, including Safety Vehicles. The exception is when a pre-approved safety procedure is in effect.

The Clerk of the Course will schedule, arrange and conduct Drivers Briefing as necessary to convey changes in the Supplementary Rules and Regulations (approved by the Stewards of the Meet), or emphasize any basic or special needs, or procedures appropriate to the conduct of the drivers during the running of the event.

At an event with a large number of competitors, several briefings might be held separately for each race series or class of vehicles involved.

The timing of such meetings is at the discretion of the Clerk of the course, but must be held not later than before the commencement of actual racing events.

The Clerk of the Course is encouraged to distribute written notices to competitors as required during a race event to clarify the application or interpretation of a rule, or to clarify a special track requirement or procedure. Such notices should also be distributed to the Stewards of the Meet and to other parties as may be involved or need to know.

An Official Bulletin Board is provided by the Clerk of the Course, at or near Race Central, for the posting of all information to the entrants and competitors.

The race track proper will be closed to all non-racing vehicles and personnel immediately prior to use by race vehicles, and opened after use by race vehicles, at the discretion of the Clerk of the Course.

The Pace Car will perform the track opening and closing function and be equipped with suitable roof- mounted lights.

When the Clerk of the Course wishes to close the track, for practice, qualifications or racing, the Pace Car will make one inspection lap of the track with roof lights turned on. This will signal everyone, particularly corner workers and safety personnel, that racing vehicles are about to enter the track and to be prepared.

The driver of the Pace Car, during the track inspection lap, is responsible for ensuring no unauthorized vehicles or persons are on the race track or verges, the track and verges are free of debris and is to report to the Clerk on completion of the inspection lap whether the track is ready or not and if not, the reason.

When an event is completed the track is to be opened for a length of time for servicing, lunch periods, etc., the Pace Car will make one lap of the track with roof lights turned on.

The Pace Car driver is obliged to be cautious at all times when performing this service and to be considerate of corner workers who may be servicing the track or relaxing between events.

The speed limit of the Pace Car is 80 KPH, slower in corners, when performing the track opening and closing function.

Minimum size: RED FLAG - 80 cm by 100 cm All others - 60 cm by 80 cm.

Description of Use of Flags

	GREEN Flag Waved by the Chief Starter to start all races. In special circumstances the Canadian National Flag may be used to start a race. Also used by Corner Posts to indicate the track is clear when the preceding station is displaying a yellow flag.
	CHECKERED Flag A BLACK and WHITE checkered flag, waved. Once this flag has been displayed during a race, the race cannot be restarted for any reason.
	RED Flag Shown Motionless by the Chief Starter at the Start/Finish line on instruction from the Clerk of the Course, and coincidentally with the RED flag being displayed at all Flag Stations. This flag indicates that racing is over and cars are to proceed slowly around the track to pits, or to form a single file on the front straight, as indicated by the marshals.
	Diagonal BLACK and WHITE Flag with Signaling Board Shown motionless with a signaling board bearing a vehicle number, only by the Chief Starter and one Corner Post, on instruction from the Clerk of the course. Warns driver of unsportsmanlike conduct. Flag is used only once. This flag is often referred to as the "Bermuda Triangle".
	BLACK Flag with Signaling Board Shown motionless with a signalling board bearing a vehicle number, only by the Chief Starter and one Corner Post, on instructions from the Clerk of the Course. Warns driver to stop at the pit on the next lap.
	BLACK Flag with ORANGE Disc Shown motionless with a signalling board bearing a vehicle number, only by the Chief Starter and one Corner Post, on instruction from the Clerk of the Course. Informs driver of a mechanical problem likely to endanger himself or others, and means the driver must stop at the pit on the next lap.
	YELLOW Flag This flag is a signal of danger, whatever the cause, at or beyond the Corner Post displaying the flag. The flag is displayed as long as the danger exists, however, if it is held motionless for two laps it may be withdrawn, even if an obstacle remains. This will allow the Corner Post to re-display the flag to warn drivers of a new danger. When necessary, drivers must be instructed, by indicating with the hand or flag, to keep to one side of the track to avoid the obstacle If the track is very obstructed, but not sufficiently to warrant the stoppage of the race, the Yellow flag may be waved by the same Post, to emphasize the danger Two Waved Yellow flags will be shown if the track is entirely blocked until such time as the Clerk of the course may order the stoppage of the race. When it is necessary for a Corner Post to display a single waved YELLOW flag, the preceding Post will display a single motionless YELLOW flag. When it is necessary for a Corner Post to display double waved YELLOW flags, the preceding Post will display two motionless YELLOW flags. The Corner Post, beyond the Post displaying a YELLOW flag, will display a GREEN flag to indicate that the incident area has ended. Drivers, having passed a motionless or waved YELLOW flag must slow down, be prepared to stop, and no passing is allowed until a GREEN flag displayed, or until the driver is past the incident as defined in the ASN regulations.
	FULL COURSE YELLOW When there is a serious hazard on the track, or when an incident may require quite some time to clean up, the Clerk may call for a full course yellow and send out the pace car. This flag consists of both of the yellow flags held together in a rectangular configuration. Full course yellows are never waved, just held.
	YELLOW flag with RED stripes Used motionless by Chief Starter and Corner Posts to indicate deterioration of the adhesion of the race track surface in the area at or beyond the flag. Used most often to indicate the presence of oil or water on the surface. Also used to indicate debris on the surface such as dirt or gravel. The flag is displayed until the surface returns to normal or for two laps. It is not necessary to display a GREEN flag at the next Corner Post.
	WHITE flag Indicates to drivers they are about to overtake a vehicle which is traveling at a much slower speed than the competing cars. The slow moving vehicle might be a service vehicle or a competing vehicle. The WHITE flag should be waved as soon as the slow moving vehicle passes the Corner Post and continue until it reaches the following Post, and then held stationary at the station preceding the station in which it is waved. If the slow moving vehicle stops on the track or verge, the WHITE flag should be replaced by a YELLOW flag. The WHITE flag is displayed motionless by the Chief Starter on instruction by the Clerk of the Course whenever a service vehicle is dispatched onto the track during a race.
	BLUE flag The BLUE flag informs the driver he is about to be overtaken by one or more faster cars. It can be shown motionless if the corner worker feels the overtaking will occur in the following sector or waved if the overtaking is imminent. In dry weather, the flag must be used with discretion. However, in wet weather drivers have difficulty in seeing cars behind them due to the spray so the display of the flag will be more frequen It is not necessary to display the BLUE flag: during the first laps of a race when the cars are still grouped together, unless a very fast car started at the back of the grid, when two or more cars are racing wheel-to-wheel when a driver is obviously aware he is going to be overtaken by moving over, or signaling by hand. when the YELLOW flag is displayed (overtaking forbidden).

The track medical service, under the discretion of the Clerk of the Course, is organized to come to the aid of drivers or any other person injured in an accident occurring on the track during a competition.

A medical service for the public, strictly differentiated from the track service, conforming to the regulations of the City of Calgary and/or the Province of Alberta will be established by the track owner, at his own discretion.

Most established racing series have developed and documented pre-planned start, delay, abort and re- start procedures for their series. When this is the case, the Clerk of the Course must learn the procedures, provide for them in the overall planning for the event, and communicate them in advance to those involved, including the track public address announcer.

This section will outline a standard starting system for all Race City events, exclusive of any over- riding procedures appropriate to a series race being run.

Unless otherwise specified in the Supplementary Rules and Regulations all automobile races on the road-racing track will be started using the rolling-start method.

Pace Car will be used for all rolling start races. The Pace Car:

1. is always under control of the Clerk of the Course,
2. always displays flashing lights, when pacing,
3. controls speed and maintains the formation of the race cars,
4. never exceeds 80 kph, slower as required.

The Clerk of the Course assures that:

1. Race Central is organized and ready,
2. all communications are in place and functioning,
3. all corner posts are manned, equipped and ready,
4. all mobile resources are manned, equipped and in position,
5. all medical resources are available,
6. timing and scoring personnel and equipment are ready,
7. the track is clear of unauthorized personnel and vehicles,
8. the track surface is ready and free of debris,
9. all track access roads are closed,
10. the pace car has closed the track with lights,
11. the starting grid marshals are in position,
12. the pace car is positioned,
13. the pit is clear of unauthorized personnel and vehicles,
14. race vehicles, if any, in the pit are under control,
15. the competing vehicles are available on the pre-grid,
16. the starter and assistant starter are ready to assume control.

The Clerk of the Course issues instructions to the Pre-Grid Marshall to release the vehicles to the Chief Starter who assumes control and starts the event in accordance with the technical requirements for the particular event, and the basic Sporting Code requirements for a fair start.

The Chief Starter maintains control of all competing vehicles until the event concludes, with assistance and direction from the Clerk of the Course.

The Chief Starter constantly monitors conditions in the pit lane with emphasis on the pit entry and pit exit. An Assistant Starter must be positioned at the pit exit to control vehicles entering the track. This function may be performed with RED/GREEN light system, or hand held signs under the control of the Chief Starter or Assistant Starter.

1. The Chief Timer will issue the approved starting grid to the Pre-Grid Marshall and the Starting Grid Marshals.
2. The Pre-Grid Marshall will assemble the race cars on the pre-grid in the order in which they will start the race.
3. The Pace Car will assume a position immediately in from of the pre-grid, with flashing lights activated.
4. The Starting Grid Marshals will assume their positions on the marked grid on the race track.
5. The Clerk will instruct the Pre-Grid Marshal to release the race cars onto the track.
6. The Starting Grid marshals will assist the drivers in assuming their correct positions on the starting grid.
7. The Clerk will instruct all corner posts that the cars are entering the track.
8. The race cars will be held on the starting line in final formation for no longer than 90 seconds. NOTE: For professional series races on-track introductions may be done at this time.
9. The Clerk will instruct the Pace Car to proceed on pace lap.
10. The Clerk will instruct the Starter to wave off the race cars behind the Pace Car.
11. The Pace Car will perform one lap and pull into the pit lane, turning off it's flashing lights as it exits the last turn.
12. The competing vehicles will proceed to the start line in grid formation under starters orders.
13. The Starter will display a yellow flag and hide behind him a furled GREEN flag. The race will start upon display of the green flag.

NOTE: If the field is not in acceptable order, the Starter will continue displaying a stationary YELLOW flag indicating the cars are to make one more lap in pace formation. This lap and all subsequent laps will be part of the official race distance.

At any time during a start procedure it may be necessary to delay a start in progress. The procedures must be clearly understood by all race officials.

CASE ONE

Should it be necessary to delay the start, prior to the start, the instructions will be given by the Clerk of the Course. A 'START DELAYED' board will be shown to the drivers by the Pre-Grid Marshal. When the cause of the delay has been rectified, the Clerk will instruct the Pre-Grid marshal to display a '5 MINUTE' board to all drivers and resume the start procedure from that point.

CASE TWO:

Once the starting procedure has commenced, that is the race cars have left the pre-grid area, they are under the control of the Starter.

The Chief Starter controls only what he is able to see and is responsible to initiate appropriate action as necessay to maintain safety and control.

The Clerk of the Course, with a perspective of the entire race track, can communicate additional information to the Starter as necessary.

Assuming the race cars have not as yet received instruction from the Starter to proceed on their race lap, the Clerk will ask the Starter or Grid Marshal to display a 'START DELAYED' board to all drivers on the starting grid or pre-grid.

When the cause of the delay has been rectified, the Clerk will instruct the Starter to display a '5 MINUTE' board to all drivers, and resume the start procedure from that point.

CASE THREE

If the race cars have commenced their pace lap, and not yet taken the GREEN flag indicating a start, and it becomes necessary to abort the start, the Clerk will instruct all corner posts to display a stationary RED flag.

At the same time the Chief Starter will display a stationary RED flag.

The race cars will proceed, with caution, back to the starting grid, come to a full stop, turn off the engines and await further instructions.

The Chief Starter will instruct the Assistant Starter to block the pit exit.

During the period of the delay, race crews can attend to their cars only for the purpose of re-starting eht engine. NO fuel can be added.

When the cause of the delay has been rectified, the Clerk will instruct the Starter to display a '5MINUTE' board to all drivers, and resume the start procedure from that point.

It is expected that any race stopped before the completion of two laps, for any reason, will be re-started as if the race had not started at all. Any race re-started after two laps shall be re-started from the end of the lap previous to the one on which it was stopped. This rule will be published in all Suuplementary Rules and Regulations.

When an incident occurs, the location, nature and gravity of the incident will dictate the actions of the Clerk of the Course.

1. The clerk must assure every reported incident is managed to a satisfactory conclusion. in a reasonable period of time, and assure the action taken does not prejudice the overall safety of the workers, competitors or spectators.
2. The single most important element in the management of an on-track incident is accurate and timely information from the Corner Posts.
3. The Clerk of Course assures that all incidents on the track are accompanied by the display of the appropriate flags.
4. When an incident occurs on the track, the Clerk should allow sufficient time for the Corner Workers to assess the situation, attend to it's final disposition, or request Race Central for assistance.
5. The introduction of a safety vehicle onto the track when race cars are in operation is a decision which is the sole responsibility of the Clerk of the Course and should only be made under the most serious of situations, and ussually not during a practive or qualification session.
6. During practice and qualifications, there is comparatively little at stake for competitors relative to an actual race, and the Clerk can, if there is any doubt about the incident, isse the RED flag or use the Pace Car to control competing vehicles and attend to the incident.
7. During a race, the most serious situation is a blocked or partially blocked track, or a serious impairment of vision suach as from a fire. Should the track become blocked, that is, the travelled portion of the track is unavailable to oncoming cars, and the Corner Workers cannot remove the blockage, the Clerk has no alternative but to issue the RED flag and stop the race. Similar conditions can be created by a sudden, violent thunderstorm or violent wind that creates a dust storm with the resultant reduction of visibility.
8. If the blockage is partial and unable to be removed by the Corner Workers, and the oncoming cars can negotiate the incident under the appropriate flags with direction from the Corner Workers, the Clerk of the Course can introduce the Pace Car, and once the race cars are under control, dispatch whatever mobile resources are necessary to remove the blockage.
9. In the event the partial blockage will require an extraordinary amount of time to remove, for whatever reason, the Clerk should consider issuing the RED flag.
10. Depending on the distance of the race and the number of laps completed. the Clerk, UPON CONSULTATION WITH THE STEWARD) may issue the checkered flag signifying the end of the race.

A Pace Car will be brought into operation to neutralize a race on the decision of the Clerk of the Course. This will usually be on the recommendation of a Corner Captain, following the partial blockage or a situation in which rescue workers or race drivers are being subjected to such danger that the YELLOW flag is not sufficient protection.

When the order is given by the Clerk of the Course, all Corner Posts will display a YELLOW flag and the Pace Car will enter the track, with roof lights turned on, giving consideration to the position of the race leader whener possible.

When the Clerk of the course calls in the Pace Car, it will turn off the roof lights when exiting the final turn and proceed to its station. Control will signal the Corner Posts to withdraw all flags. When the Pace Car exits the track, and the starter display the GREEN flag, the race will be resumed.

NOTE: All laps run under control of the Pace Car will be counted as race laps.

On the decision of the Clerk of the Course to stop a race in progress, the Chief Starter will display a stationary RED flag. All Corner Posts will display a stationary RED flag.

All competing cars must stop racing immediately and proceed to their pits, exercising extreme caution and being prepared to stop if necessary. If the pit lane is blocked, either by cars or officials, the competitors will line up in single file on the front straight behind the start line and await instructions.

The re-start of the race, if in fact ehre is a re-start, will depend on the reason for the stoppage, and will be a matter of consultation between the Clerk and the Stewards.

The following procedure will be employed at Race City Motorsport Park unless the Supplementary Rules for a particular series detail a different methos.

1. The Clerk of the Course will inform the Chief Starter when there are three laps remaining, and the numbers of the first three cars.
2. The Clerk will remind the Starter on each of the final two laps.
3. The Chief Starter will track the first three cars for the final three laps and display the chequered flag at the winning car on the completion of the final lap, and to each subsequent car until they have all received the flag.
4. The winner of the race will stop at the finish line on the track to receive a chequered flag and will proceed on a victory lap, returning to the paddock exit. A worker retrieves the flag at that point.

The Clerk of the Course and the Chief Starter should bear in mind the chequered flag can only be issued after the completion of the programmed number of laps, distance or time has been completed.

Only the Steward of the Meet can give persimission for the use of chequered flag before the completion of the programmed laps, distance or time.

Trucks should be equipped with all the usual equipment to deal with normal car recovery as well as a 40 foot tow rope or strap (not chain) and a short piec (3' - 6') of 2" or 3" webbing suitable to be used as a sling to lift open wheen race cars by the roll bar or rollover hoop. Newer style flat deck units with winch are ideal for recovery of vehicles with suspension intact and can easily handle two twos at the same time. At least one conventional style truck, with extendable boom, will be required when open wheen cars are participating.

Vehicles will have an assigned parking location and order, usually near the base of the tower, that will be designated by the Clerk of the Course. This order will usually reflect the frequency of use and ease of dispatch and parking.

The lead tow truck will usually be assigned a radio on the same frequency as the race network. Communications with control should be short, to the point, and businesslike at all times. For subsequent vehicles a radio may not be assigned, however they will be dispatched to specific locations for specific jobs by an official who is on the Race Network.

During a particularly difficult or lengthy retrieval the driver may be requested, by Control,. to give an estimate of the time needed to complete the job. The time estimate, in minutes, should reflect the time necessary to get the car hooked up and moving on the track.

Driver and helpers of all safety and tow vehicles should be in their vehicles ready to respond to an assignment at all times that race cars are on the track. When leaving a station workers must be aware of other vehicles who may be leaving simultaneously to avoid collissions. Workers and/or support vehicles nust NEVER enter the racing portion of the track without the express permission of the Clerk of the Course through Race Control. Roof lights must be turned on before entering the racing portion of the track and remain on until the vehicle has returned to its station. When entering the track, safety and tow vehicles are to remain to one side, usually the left, and must not cross over to the other side until arriving at the site of the retrieval. A winch cable must NEVER be strung across the track unless total control of the track is being exercised by Corner Marshals equipped with appropriate flags.

Safety and tow vehicles mut be parked so as to gain maximum advantage in facilitating recovery the disabled race car. At no time should the track be completely blocked as other recovery vehicles and race cars proceeding slowly around the track from the pit lane may have to gety by. In the event of wet and muddy trackside conditions every effort must be made to stay on the paved surface, to avoid tracking mud onto the racing line. Corner workers will be at the site of most incidents and their help in hooking up or otherwise facilitating a recovery may be requested and used.

Most race cars may be returned directly to their crew in the paddock. However, there will be times when the Technical Inspector will ask that damaged cars be dropped in the "tech" or impound area. This information will be conveyed to the two truck driver via the race network. The technical inspection area is located on the right hand side, in the paddock, immediately after exiting the track at turn 9. If owners of race cars request the tow truck to provide additional services in getting their disabled car from the race track to an offsite location, it becomes a private matter for the operator of the tow truck. Any private services cannot be done until the conclusion of the day's racing events.

The Rapid Response Vehicle will usually be a truck (but may be a car) equipped and staffed to augment the facilities offered by the track marshals and assist the Ambulance and Rescue Truck (when used) in major incidents and driver extrications. This equipment will usually include a 150 lb. fire extinguisher, several additional 20 lb. fire extingquishers, tools, bars, cutters, brooms and an absorption agent such as "Grease Sweep" to clean up oil spills. This vehicle should also carry a 40 foot tow rope or strap to assist in flat tows when required. When a "rescue truck" is not used, this vehicle should also carry the "Jaws of Life" mechanism or a portable hydraulic ram device for expanding metal.

A rescue truck may be required by some International Racing Series to augment the delivery of safety services to on-track accidents. This additional requirement is usually the result of the higher speeds and cornering forces generated by higher level cars such as Formula Atlantic. When required a Rescue Truck will be equipped with an extriation device, :"Jaws of Life", tools, fire extinguichers and additional supplies deemed necessary by its operators. One of the operators will be trained to operate the "Jaws" and any other specialized equipment available to them.

This truck will be dispatched only by the Clerk of the course and will conform to the same track etiquette and observe the same requirements as listed for tow trucks in Section 19.1 to 19.6.

The rescue track operator will usually take over control of an accident scene, upon his arrival, from the corner senior or other worker. If the operators of the rescue truck are fully employed in attending to the incident, the next most senior person will assume control of the scene.

The usual position of the Pace Car will be in Pit Lane. The driver will act on orders from the Clerk of the Course and service as his assistant in communicating directly with drivers. This is often necessary when the Black "Meatball" and "Bermuda Triangle" flags are used. The specific duties of the Pace Car are detailed elsewhere in this manual, notably sections 13.3, 16.1, 16.3 and 16.5. The driver of the Pace Car will usually be a current or former holder of a race drivers licence.

It is very important for the corner seniors to realize that they are the eyes and the ears of the Clerk of the course. They are in effect "clerks" for their assigned portion of the race track. As such, they must make instantaneious decisions as to the severity of incidents and determine if their resources are capable of resolving the situation. This information must be processed, appropriate action taken and all the while a continous updating of control must be occurring through the communication link.

The ability to perform these duties efficiently is the result of much experience and thinking ahead, developing a plan for the various types of incidents that historical precedent would indicate are likely to happen, as well as trying to foresee the unkown.

The more a corner senior can work at the same corner of the same track with the same people, the more the crew as a whole will be able to handle the routine occurrences of spin-outs and minor body contact. Also, they will have more time to plan ahead for their reaction to a major incident, such as a rollover or fire, and thus be better able to serve the safety needs of the track as a whole.

Corner seniors should also develop a plan that will dispatch some of their resources to the preceding or succeeding section of the track in the event that their counterparts in these locations are faced with a major event that is obviously beyond the capability of their resources.

It is also very important that every senior has a plan, and practices dealing with a loss of voice communication, either with control, or a total loss where even the next station cannot hear and relay transmissions. This plan should involve signals that will cause control to become aware of the problem and take appropriate action. Usually the signal is crossed, furled blue and yellow flags

Once a corner senior becomes proficient at training his people, organizing his resources and deploying them in an efficient manner during minor and major incidents it is reasonable to expect that he could take these skills and apply them on a broader basis as a deputy clerk and then as a Clerk of the Course.

The most important duty the senior is called on to perform is the management of human resources. He (she) will be required to assess the functional level of each worker, slot them into a plan that recognizes this level, and provide the on-the-job training that each requires. The aim of this training is to raise the skill level, knowledge of the plan, and technical expertise of each person as their experience increases with each race meet attended. The guide to be used for this raining is the Corner Workers Manual, the Operating Manual and the worker training sessions held at the beginning of the season.

Due to the inherent danger of motor racing and considering the historial precedent of other tracks, it is conceivable that there will one day be a fatality at Race City Motorsport Park. Whether it involves a driver, crew member or worker, it is important that a plan, with some well thought out rules, to goern the workers' behaviour and actions if such an incident occurs.

An immediate investigation will be launched that will require every worker and official who has first hand knowlege of the events leading up to the incident, as well as the incident itself, to file a written report with the Clerk of the course.

The Clerk of the Course is designated as the spokesman for all workers and officials and will work with the track owners to ensure that no misiniformation or heresay is released to the media.

All worker and officials must remian calm and assist in calming their associates. No one will talk to the media or anyone else concerning the incident until the investigation is complete. REMEMBER - THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS 'OFF THE RECORD' AT AN ACCIDENT SCENE.

A full report will be released to the media and all workers detailing the results of the investigation.

Any recommendations that flow from the report and concern the methos of operation of the track or the conduct of any worker involved will be released to ARCWA on behalf of the workers. Any remedial action that is required will be taken at that time.

The guiding principal for all workers and officials will be one of assembling facts and not assessing blame. What might appear to be obvious when only one side is seen or partial facts are considered, may appear totally different once a thorough investigation is conducted. It is critical that the emotional response that will affect most people is allowed to subside, giving way to a pragmatic and measure approach to the investigation.

Should the local authorities, police, fire or other bonafide agency become involved in the investigation of an incident, all workers and officials who have first hand knowledge of the incident will provide statements as required. They may refer to their written reports or their reports may be made available, by Race Officials, to the authorities if requested.

The ambulance personnel have their own procedures to follow in the event of a critically injured patient and all efforts must be made to aid and facilitate their performance of this durty. Their actions must not be questioned or commented on by anyone or lesser training or knowledgeability in emergency care.

Any vehicle involved in an incident where the driver is removed from the scene by ambulance must be impounded in the tech area, along with any equipment left in it. No one, including the crew, is allowed to touch anything in or on the car until it has been released by the proper authorities.

Qualifications A Race Observer is generally someone with a great deal of experience in race matters, who is level headed and able to observe and report objectively and accurately. Anyone with these attrinutes is eleigible including, but not being limited to: Stewards, experienced race drivers, Clerk of the Course, Race directors and others who are not acting in their usual capacity.

Appointment Observers are appointed to an event by the regional or national executive steards or by the Senior Steward at the event. Observers may also ask to have their name included on the region's observers list if they so desire but observers are not licenced.

Duties

1. At the beginning of an event, all observes will report to the Steward for assignment to a position. Positions to be manned, such as the track, the pits, scrutineering, timing or registration, will be assigned by the Senior Steward or his designate in consultation with the Clerk of the Course.
2. Once assigned to a post, the observer is under the orders of the Clerk of the Course to whom he shall immediately report all incidents, accidents or other occurrence that the Clerk should be aware of.
3. The observer must prepare a written report for serious accidents and for incidents that may result in a penalty being assessed and also be ready to present the report in person at any hearing that may be called.
4. At the end of the event, all observers shall once again report to the Stewards for debriefing. Reports received will be included in the Steward's repot.
5. An observer may not interfere with the operation of a corner or other function unless specifically asked to do so by the Clerk of the course.
6. Observers will be issed some form of indentification such as a Steward's armband which must contain an insert the the work OBSERVER in letters at least one and a half inches high.

1. The race track surface alone shall be used by drivers during qualifications or racing. The verges beyond the track surface and curbing are not to be used.
2. The repetition of serious mistakes of the appearance of a lack of control over the car (such as leaving the track) may entail exclusion of the drivers involved.
3. During a qualification or race, a car alone on the track may use the full width of the track surface. However, as soon as it is caught up on a straight line by a car which is either temporatily or constantly faster, the driver shall give the other car the right of way by pulling to one side in order to allow for passing on the other side.
4. If the driver of the car caught up does not seem to make full use of the rear view mirrors, the Flag Marshalls will give the driver a warning by waving the blue flag to indicate that another competitor is overtaking. Any driver who does not take notice of the blue flag may be penalized by the Stewards. Systematic or repeated offenses may result in exclusion of the offending driver.
5. Corners, as well as their approach and exit zones may be negotiated by drivers in any way they wish, within the limits of the track surface as described in item "a" above. Overtaking, according to the possibilities of the moment, may be done either on the right or the left.
   However, maneuvers liable to hinder other drivers such as:
• premature direction changes, or braking,
• deliberate crowding of cars toward the inside or the outside of a corner,
• any other abnormal change of direction,
are strictly prohibited and shall be penalized according to the importance and repetition of the offenses, by penalties ranging from a fine to exclusion. The repetition of dangerous driving, even involuntary, may result in exclusion.
6. Any obstructive maneuvers carried out by one or several drivers, having common interests or not, is prohibited. The persistent driving abreast of several cars, as well as fan-shaped arrangement, is authorized only if there is not another car trying to overtake. Otherwise the blue flag will be waved.
7. The penalty inflicted for ignoring the blue flag will be applied to drivers who obstruct part of the track, and shall be more severe in the case of systematic obstruction, ranging from a fine to exclusion. The same penalty shall be applied to drivers who swing from one side of the track to the other in order to prevent other competitors from overtaking.

Experience will generally cause the excitement most people feel when witnessing a car crash of any magnitude close at hand to be replaced with a calm and pre-conditioned response to the problem. In a very short period of time the situation can be assessed, the necessary communication to control initiated, and action, with respect to deployment of resources, taken.

As a situation develops, it is conceivable that the problem will require more resources than the station possesses. At this time it is expected that control will be notified and the necessary steps taken by control to deliver the resources to the scene of the incident.

A major problem that occurs when there is a heavy impact with a barrier or another car is the disorientation the driver(s) will experience in the moments or even minutes after the incident. It is imperative that all workers are aware of this phenomenon and take control of the driver, by physical force if necessary, and deliver him (her) to a safe location and designate a worker to be in charge of that person(s).

It is to be expected that new workers will experience disorientation and a surge of excitement that will impair their reaction when confronted with an incident for the first few times. Our training is designed to create a conditioned response to such incidents and only experience and time will cause the excitement to be replaced by a pragmatic approach to the situation and an analytic assessment of the necessary response.

To achieve this level of preparedness it is necessary to put new volunteers into a position where they can experience incidents first hand and add to their stock of experience. It is also imperative that new workers are given an adequate knowledge of what constitutes a hazard to their personal safety and that they are not encouraged or allowed to place themselves at risk.

The workers priorities must be absolutely clear:

1. PERSONAL SAFETY
2. SAFETY OF FELLOW WORKERS
3. SAFETY OF DRIVERS

Motorsport brings together the elements of:

• highly flammable fuels, and other combustibles,
• continuous opportunity for ignition,
• an open atmosphere that readily supports combustion.

Fire consume, among other things, oxygen, which the driver of a race car need to maintain life. Generally, when a person is denied oxygen for a short period of time, suffocation begins. If the supply of breathing air is not restored within three minutes, permanent damage to the body commences and life is threatened.

Assuming a driver in a fire is injured and in need of medical attention, the target time for knocking down a fire must be 30 seconds, with complete extinguishement shortly thereafter.

The person responsible for the preparation of firefighting systems, apparatus and personnel will be called the Chief Fire Marshal in this section of manual.

The Chief Fire Marshal:

1. Assures that each corner marshal involved in the first intervention of a fire has been briefed in the basics of firefighting and the use of fire extinguishers, and preferably has attended a basic firefighting training session.
2. Establishes a mobile firefighting vehicle capability with sufficient fire power and trained personnel to handle large fire situations. (A large fire is described as 40 gallons of gasoline).
3. Coordinates the deployment of firefighting personnel and equipment so as to comply with the required response time.
4. Maintains the level of preparedness of firefighting service throughout the race event.

Motorsport encounters the following types of fire:

Type      Substance

1. Fuel, mostly gasoline
2. Oil and grease
3. Rubber
4. Upholstery and interior trim
5. Plastics, fiberglass and it's resins
6. Grass and underbrush around the track
7. Electrical
8. Magnesium

Generally, the following recommendations will be effective:

Types 1 through 6 - should be dealt with great respect, recognizing that electricity can short- circuit through metal parts, and the extinguishing material.

Type 8, Magnesium Fire - very difficult to extinguish. When magnesium burns it creates its own oxygen. Liquids should not be used under any circumstances. Efforts should be made to exclude the oxygen from the fire by smothering with dry powder, dry sand or dry earth.

Given the objective to knock-down a fire within 30 seconds, the deployment of personnel and the preparations for combating motorspot fire requires each person who may become involved in the firefighting of a fire to have basic knowledge of:

1. the equipment involved,
2. the nature of the extinguishing chemicals,
3. the nature of the fire,
4. the methods of fighting a fire.

The user of firefighting apparatus must possess knowledge of the equipment available to fight a fire, including:

1. the ability to visually identify the type of extinguisher,
2. the ability to operate the extinguisher,
3. the characteristics of the contents when released,
4. the limitations of the extinguisher

There are different types of extinguishers, extinguishing chemicals and propellants, depending on the intended purpose and manufacturer. To illustrate:

1. some extinguishers are the partial discharge type, able to be turned on and off as desired.
2. some extinguishers discharge fully when operated,
3. some extinguishers work only in the upright position.

The following sizes of powder-type extinguishers are the most useful, and generally available.

• 10 lb (4.5 kg) hand- extinguishers for corner marshals, known as "runners". These can be carried easily, on the run, and used as first intervention extinguishers. Discharge time approximately 17-20 seconds.
• 20 lbs (9kg) hand- extinguishers for corner marshals and pit marshals. This size is the limit one person can carry for a long distance and operate effectively. Discharge time approximately 20-25 seconds.
• 30 lb (13.5 kg) hand- extinguishers. This size is the limit a person can carry for a short distance. They are generally brought to the scene in a support vehicle. Discharge time approximately 20-25 seconds.
• Larger extinguishers, 100 lbs (45 kg) and greater, are mounted on wheels for portability and can be used in several ways in the pit and paddock areas, and mounted on trucks for track usage.

Extinguishing Chemicals

The requirements of the firefighting chemicals are:

• to knock-down the fire,
• seal the fire from oxygen,
• cool the heated parts.

There are four basic kinds of chemicals available:

1. Dry Powder
• provides a blanket over the fire at a great speed
• very effective if fire is put out completely in one pass
• poor (as compared to foam) sealing characteristics
• re-ignition (flashback) can readily occur.
2. C0₂ (Carbon Dioxide)
• .emitted as a gaseous substance
• .easily misdirected by prevailing wind
• no sealing effect
• not recommended for general trackside application
3. Halon
• emitted as a gaseous substance
• easily misdirected by prevailing wind
• not recommended for general trackside application
4. Water
• 2-1/2 gallon capacity

While water extinguishers should not be used for fighting flammable liquids or electrical fires, they have many good applications, such as grass fires, combustible fires, methanol fires, cooling down drivers and also cooling down hot metal after a fire has occurred.

All fires have the potential to give off toxic fumes. Inhalation of fumes or smoke could cause breathing difficulty to the person involved. Every person fighting a fire should avoid breathing the fumes from a fire as much as possible.

Wind is a factor in fighting fires. Whenever possible, a fire should be attacked from the upwind side. The wind will assist in spreading the extinguishing chemical over the file.

This technique often improves visibility and minimizes the inhalation of fumes.

Small: A fire that one person can put out in under 7 seconds, with or without a fire extinguisher.

Medium: A fire that one person can put out within 7 seconds, with a fire extinguisher.

Large: A fire that is not covered by the definitions of Small or Medium. A large fire should be dealt with by a planned attack using the 4x2 method.

Time will make fires bigger. As time passes, a fire tends to grow in size and intensity, depending on the amount of material available to burn.

The formula for each person involved in the fighting of a fire is:

1. recognize the hazard
2. know the defense
3. act in time

Although it is essential to work with the greatest possible speed:

• assess the situation
• protect yourself
• pause to assemble assistance, if necessary
• coordinate the attack on the fire

An important element of awareness for firefighters is a condition that is a potential in all fires.

It is referred to several ways: re-ignition, re-kindling or flash-back`. It is particularly important when volatile substances such as gasoline are involved.

Every substance or material that can burn has a temperature at which it starts to burn. A fire starts when that temperature has been reached, and the fire can continue as long as the temperature is maintained or exceeded, and oxygen is available.

When a fire starts, temperatures of all substances rise quickly. When extinguishing chemicals are introduced to the fire, the primary action of the chemical is to reduce the supply of oxygen which puts the fire out totally and hopefully keeps it out until the temperature of all substances have reduced to a level where they will no longer burn even if oxygen is present.

Simply stated, re-ignition of a fire can occur for two main reasons, even after extinguishing chemicals have been applied.

Reason 1: If the fire has been put out, but the temperature of a substance HAS NOT reduced sufficiently, and oxygen is AGAIN available.

Reason 1. If the temperature of the substance HAS reduced, oxygen is AGAIN available, and a source of ignition, such as a spark or a smoldering ember is present.

Firefighters are warned to be aware of this situation, particularly if a fire occurs in grassy areas, such as the verges of a racetrack.

The most effective method of firefighting a motorsport fire is described:

1. Four firefighters are involved as a team.
2. The team starts from the downwind direction, if possible.
3. The team pauses to establish their relative positions.
4. The leading two, with dry powder extinguishers, approach the fire, one on each side, sweeping the powder from side to side to cover the area of the fire. The second two follow in support of the first pair.

When there are fewer than four firefighters available, such as in the case of first-intervention situations involving corner marshals, the method described is varied, however the principle should be remembered.

In any event, one firefighter should always attempt to stay back to cover the other fighting the fire. This is called the "buddy system".

1. Volatile liquids such as gasoline do not burn. It is the vapor given off, combining with oxygen in the air, that ignites and burns. Therefore, if we separate the air from the liquid by applying an extinguishing agent to form a blanket over the liquid, the fire will be starved of oxygen and go out.
2. Each person responsible for the use of a fire extinguisher is advised to visually inspect, daily, the extinguishers they may be called upon to use and assure themselves of the mechanical condition. Any fire extinguisher suspected of being faulty must be set aside, reported and replaced.
3. Proximity suits, fire-entry suits and asbestos suits are not recommended when using the 4x4 system. They are unwieldy and encumbering. Denim or cotton overalls are fully satisfactory and if required can be treated to be fire-resistant. MAN-MADE FIBRE CLOTHING SUCH AS NYLON OR POLYESTER IS NOT RECOMMENDED. Underclothing of wool material is best.
4. Extinguishers have a designed spray pattern to allow the firefighter to stand back from the fire and utilize the spray to cover or blanket the fire area excluding the oxygen. Being too close to a fire could cause the force of the spray to blow the fire away without putting it out.
5. Once the fire extinguisher has been used, even momentarily, it is no longer considered reliable and must be set aside, reported and replaced.
6. Dry powder and foam will penetrate the engine, chassis and bodywork and all mechanical components of a race car. This can cause jamming, sticking and blockage of mechanisms. Drivers and mechanics should be warned of this when these materials have been used on their cars.

To make cotton or denim fire-resistant, a garment can be soaked in a strong solution of Borax and allowed to dry.

Each time the garment is washed the procedure must be repeated. There are commercially available aerosol-applied fire retardant liquids that can be sprayed on garments to increase resistance to fire.

Any mechanical device requires maintenance, particularly those using chemicals, as is the case with fire extinguishing equipment.

A fire extinguisher around a race track is subject to abuse during the daily track set-up and closure, and should be unknowingly rendered inoperative.

Small extinguishers are particularly prone to:

• loss of charge
• damage to operating mechanism
• loss or bending of safety pins
• damage to hoses
• obstruction of nozzles

Large extinguishers are subject to neglect, and corrosive attack by the chemicals used.

The supplier, or owner of the equipment should incorporate a program of inspection and maintenance of all extinguisher equipment between race events. The inspection should confirm extinguisher contents, mechanical condition and appearance.

Most fire extinguishers are pressure vessels and, under the various Provincial Pressure Vessel Acts, require periodic hydrostatic testing and inspection by a qualified person.

The recommendation of using Dry Powder does not preclude other extinguishing chemicals from being considered or sued.

Dry Power is considered to be the material most commonly available, understood and used at this time, and provide a basis for consistency in training and practice.